Iron serves as a cornerstone mineral, primarily known for its role in hemoglobin formation, which transports oxygen throughout the body. Beyond this foundational task, iron supports neurotransmitter synthesis, including dopamine and serotonin, which regulate motivation, focus, and emotional stability. Insufficient iron impairs oxygen delivery to tissues, particularly the brain, resulting in reduced cognitive sharpness and persistent tiredness.

Common indicators of low iron include unrelenting exhaustion that rest does not alleviate, pale complexion, cold extremities, shortness of breath during mild activity, headaches, and difficulty concentrating. These signs can overlap with other conditions, leading to misattribution. In terms of emotional health, inadequate iron contributes to irritability, low motivation, and depressive tendencies because of disrupted dopamine pathways. Energy levels suffer as cells receive less oxygen for efficient ATP production, creating a cycle of fatigue that worsens over time.

Immune performance also declines with low iron, as the mineral aids in white blood cell function and antioxidant enzyme activity. Frequent infections, slow wound healing, or prolonged recovery from minor illnesses may signal this shortfall. Women of reproductive age, vegetarians, athletes, and those with heavy menstrual cycles face heightened risk due to increased losses or lower intake from plant-based sources.